Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah
kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah
kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang
lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin
melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I. Statement (pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect
Speech :
1. To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct Indirect
Am/is/are - was/were
Shall/will - should/would
Can - could
May - might
Must
Have/has
to - had
to
Ought
to
2. Time & Place (keterangan waktu
& tempat)
Direct Indirect
now - then
tomorrow - the
following day
next
week - the
following week
tonight - that
night
today - that
day
yesterday - the
day before
last
night - the
night before
last
week - the
week before,
the
precious week
here - there
this - that
these - those
3. Tenses
Direct Indirect
Simple
present - simple
past
Simple
past
- past
perfect
Present
perfect
Present
continous - past
continous
Present
perfect
continous - past
perfect continous
Simple
future - past
future
I. STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa)
sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata
yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect
statement ialah :
He said
He said to
me that
+ reported words
He told me
e.g -
Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”
- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town
tomorrow”
- Father said that he was going out of
town the following day.
- Mary told John “my father warned me
last night”
- Mary told John that her father had
arned her the night before.
- My sister said to me “I don’t like
tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn’t
like tennis.
- Tom said “I didn’t go to school this
morning”
- Tom said that he hadn’t gone to
school that morning.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present
Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.
e.g -
John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that she has seen that
film.
- My brother says “I met Tom at the
party last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at
the party last night.
- Tom says “I don’t like English”
- Tom says that he don’t like English.
II. COMMAND
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di
depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan
perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
He
asked me
He told me
e.g -
He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
- Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
- Mary told me to stop talking to
Jane.
- Mother asked John “Pay attention to
what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention
to what she says.
- John told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he
comes.
- The teacher said to the students “Be
quiet while I am talking”
- The teacher told the students to be
quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di
depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g -
Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for
her.
- I told him “Don’t mention it to
anyone”
- I told him not to mention it to
anyone.
- Father asked her “Don’t go there
alone”
- Father asked her not to go there
alone.
- Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my
house again”
- Ira asked tom not to come to her
house again.
- Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too
much”
- Mother asked John not to smoke too
much.
III. QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan
kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka
kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech.
Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat
pengantarnya ialah :
He
asked me where
When
etc.
e.g -
The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”
- The man asked me where I lived.
- John asked Mary : “Why do you get
angry with me ?”
- John asked Mary why she got angry
with him.
- I asked him : “When did you get back
from your trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back
from his trip.
- He asked me : “How will you go there
?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked the girl : “What is your
name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name
was.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya,
dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka
kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah)
sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The
boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived
near there.
- The teacher asked her : “Have you
finish your homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had
finished her homework.
- Mary asked me : “Did you she John at
the party the night before.
- Mary asked me whether I had seen
John at the party the night before.
- We asked them : “Will you go to the
movie with us tonight ?”
- We asked them whether they would go
to the movie with us that night.
- Mother asked
John : “Are you going to marry her ?”
- Mother asked John if he was going to
marry her.
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat
digunakan bergantian
IV. REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis
Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported
Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena) sebagai
penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini
kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh
berikut ini :
e.g - She
asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
-
She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.
- Ira asked John :”what is the matter
with you ?”, You don’t look well.
- Mary asked John what the matter was
with him as he didn’t look well.
- I asked her :”How long have you been
studying English ?”, Your accent is very good.
- I asked her how long she had been
studying English as he her accent was very good.
- He told me :”I am off to the movie,”
Where are you going ?”
- He told me that he was off to the
movie and asked me where I was going.
- She said :”It
is cold inside,” Is the window open ?
- She said that it was cold
inside and asked if the window was open.
Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes
dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata andsebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He
asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.
- He asked me if I would go out with
him but I said I wouldn’t.
- Mother asked John :”Have you had
lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
- Mother asked John if he had had
lunch but he said he hadn’t.
- She asked me :”Can you meet me
tomorrow ?” No.
- She asked me if I could meet her the
following day but I said I couldn’t.
- I asked her :”Do you like vegetables
?” Yes, I do.
- Is asked her if she liked
veggetables and she said she did.
- Mary asked John
:”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.
- Mary asked John if he had phoned her
the night before and he said he had.
- Father asked me :”Are you going to
the movie tonight ?” Yes.
- Father asked me if I was going to
the movie that night and I said I was.
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan
perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries
Direct Indirect
Was/were - had
been
can - could
may - might
must
& have
to - had
to
must
not - wasn’t
to/musn’t
needn’t - didn’t
have to
e.g - Mary
said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said that she had been sick the
day before.
- The man asked me :” Can you speak
English ?”
- The man asked me if I could speak
English.
- Mary said to John :”You may come to
my house tomorrow.”
- Mary said to John that she might
come to his house the following day.
- Mother told John :”You must study
harder if you want to pass the exam.”
- Mother told John that he had to
study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.
- The police told me :” You must not
drive without license.”
- The police told me that I wasn’t to
drive without license.”
- The teacher told them :”You needn’t
hurry.”
- The teacher told them that they
didn’t have to hurry.
